Vitalik Buterin provides a detailed overview of Ethereum's scalability roadmap, focusing on recent implementation improvements such as block-level access lists and the separation between proposers and builders to safely increase the gas limit. The key element is multi-dimensional gas billing, aimed at decoupling execution scalability from state growth. Long-term scalability relies on data sharding and phased adoption of zero-knowledge proof virtual machines (ZK-EVM), with the goal of achieving higher capacity in 2026-2027 without increasing validator hardware requirements, which is fundamentally different from a single scalability solution.